Innovative immunotherapy is revolutionizing the field of oncology by employing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to enhance the body’s natural ability to recognize and eradicate tumors. This approach shows promise in treating a variety of cancers.Immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), its ligand (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), function as crucial regulatory mechanisms that help maintain immune balance and prevent autoimmunity.